tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54849110804935020252024-03-14T01:56:56.669-07:00ThallophytesThis blog is created for those who want to study about bacteria in detail and mostly for the students.prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-68464070344999000762011-11-18T19:21:00.000-08:002011-12-07T07:10:16.158-08:00Importance of bacteria in nitrogen fixing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Plants need nitrogen to grow well.Though nitrogen is found in air but it cannot be used by plants directly.This nitrogen is converted into nitrogen compound of elements present in earth by nitrogen fixing bacteria into nitrogen compound of elements present in earth by nitrogen fixing bacteria.</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> There are two types of nitrogen fixing bacteria. They are free living like Azotobacter and Clostridium and symbiotic bacteria like Rhizobium. This nitrogenous compound is taken by plants. When plants and animals die and their body contents are converted into ammino acid byby bacteria. The amminoacid is converted into ammonia by ammonifying bacteria. Some of ammonia pass into air and the rest are converted into ammonium salt.This ammonia salt is converted into nitrate by nitrifying bacteria.There are two types of nitrifying bacteria.They are Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.The nitrosomonas bacteria first oxidise ammonia salt into ammino nitrite. The nitrite is again oxidised to nitrate by nitrobacter. This nitrate compound is absorbed by plants. </span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-22680255068682853532011-11-17T08:12:00.001-08:002011-11-18T18:05:11.315-08:00Bacteria importance in soil fertility<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Bacteria are useful for maintaining the fertility of soil . It helps in fixing nitrogen in soil that can be used by plants. Some bacteria also helps in Sulphur cycle. Both the nitrogen fixing and sulphur cycle are important because they help plants in growing and maintaining the balance in nature.</span></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-12407170463233402032011-11-17T08:07:00.000-08:002011-11-17T08:07:50.037-08:00Economic importancs of bacteria<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Though bacteria are responsible for causing several dreadful diseases but still some are important for the various purposes. Some of the importance of bacteria can be listed in the following ways.</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> 1) Bacteria and soil fertility</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> 2) Bacteria as decomposers.</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> 3) Bacteria in sewage disposal</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> 4) Bacteria in diary products.</span></div><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> 5) Bacteria in various industries.</span></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-20121805965462417342011-10-02T21:48:00.000-07:002011-10-03T23:33:10.319-07:002)Specialized transduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 21.75pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">In this type of transduction the virus get adsorbed on the cell wall of bacteria and then it penetrate into the bacterial cytoplasm. It does not cause the breakdown of bacterial DNA. Instead it produce the repressor protein which prevent the transcription of the virus DNA into messenger RNA. At this state, the virus (phage) is called temperate phage. At this state, the virus DNA become integrated into bacteria chromosome (endogenote) . consequently the virus DNA become a segment of bacterial chromosome and then it replicate at the same rate of the bacterial DNA. The virus DNA in this state is known as <u>Prophage. </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> A bacterium that carries the virus at prophage stage is known </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> as lysogenic bacterium as it gets destroyed later when the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> prophage become active and re-enters into the lytic cycle. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> These bacteria which suffer infection from temperate phage has</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> immune to lysis (breakdown) after reinfection of similar </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> bacteriophage. Sometime this prophage is freed from bacterial </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> chromosome (endogenote) and accidentally it carries adjacent </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> gene from the bacterial chromosome. The prophage containing </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> some gene of bacteria when infect other bacteria of an </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> appropriate strain ,these genes get transferred to the bacteria </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> chromosome and thus there is recombination of genes of previous</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> bacteria and bacteria of appropriate strain.</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-10572436182878126802011-10-02T12:36:00.001-07:002011-10-03T23:08:53.830-07:001) Generalized transduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> In this type of transduction the virus adsorb to the host (bacteria) cell wall and inject its nucleic acid or DNA into the bacterial cell or cytoplasm. These DNA produce enzyme in host cell which cause the host cell’s DNA to break into many fragments and directs the host metabolism to produce more virus DNA and its protein coats. After sometime the DNA of virus and the protein assemble to form a new viruses .During this assembling some of the small pieces of chromosome of bacteria get arranged in the chromosome of virus . During subsequent breakdown of bacterial cell the new viruses are released. The released virus when infect a new bacteria, it transfer not only its gene but also the genes of bacteria . This type of transduction is known as Generalized transduction.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-30372054517375154002011-10-02T12:32:00.000-07:002011-10-02T12:32:09.410-07:00Introduction of Transduction with its type<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">This method of conjugation was first observed by Zinder and Lederberg in 1952 in Salmonella bacteria . In this method the gene<span> </span>along with DNA transfer from one to another by a bacterial virus called bacteriophage.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span> </span>All the bacteriophage may not cause the breakdown of the host cell. The bacteriophage that cause the breakdown of host bacteria cell is called “<b><u>virulent bacteriophage</u></b>” The<span> </span>bacteriophage which do not cause the breakdown of the host cell is called “<b><u>temperate bacteriophage</u></b>”. Depending on this ,there are two types of transduction . They are called </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>Generalized transduction</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>Specialized transduction</span></span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-70547121678764023862011-10-02T12:14:00.000-07:002011-10-02T12:14:19.027-07:00c) The colicin factor or col-factor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> <span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: red;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">It is a sex factor which is present in protoplasm of bacteria that get transferred during the conjugation . This colicin factor is respsnsible for production of certain protein or polypeptide antibiotic called colicin or bacteriocin .This factor was first observed in E.coli. This factor kills the bacteria which posses closely related strains or species.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-88220377177837449602011-10-02T12:02:00.000-07:002011-10-03T23:15:14.212-07:00b) Resistance factor or R-factor.(RF)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">The R- factor are extra extra chromosomal genes which carry information of resistance against variety of antibiotics. It gets transferred to the receipient along with sex factor. These genes get transferred rapidly to the antibiotic sensitive cells by conjugation. These genes get transferred between bacteria like E.coli ,Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysentriae. It has been observed to increase resistance against four iwdesly used antibiotics like sulphanilamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline.</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-7339322997258287492011-10-02T11:57:00.001-07:002011-10-02T12:53:33.617-07:00Conjugation by Sexduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is the process of transferring genetic material from donor to recipient by a sex factor. In this method , from the endogenote of HFr the F factor or sex factor disintegrate resulting the reversion of HFr to F<sup>+ </sup>state but this F<sup>+</sup> factor along with small part of endogenote is called F factor and the cell is called F’ cell. When conjugation between F’ cell and F<sup>-</sup> cell takes place ,the cell with some transferred genes takes place. In this way transfer of genes takes place.</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-44015322039106224092011-10-02T11:54:00.001-07:002011-10-02T11:54:09.734-07:00Conjugation by episome<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> <span style="color: red;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;">The episome are the bacterial cell whose fertility factor integrate with endogenote and then replicate followed by migration of the combined endogenote ,. This cell with combined endogenote is called HFr( high frequency recombination) . When HFr and F</span><sup style="color: red;">-</sup><span style="color: red;">comes together and recombination can take place,then HFr is called fertile male .During conjugation HFr duplicate and then one of loop break at the junction of endogenote and fertility factor. The broken part with endogenote part move through conjugation tube .In this way transfer of genetic character takes place</span>.</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-42446797424669006842011-10-02T11:32:00.003-07:002011-10-04T00:12:32.071-07:00Conjugation by F particle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> and F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>-</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> bacteria first come in closer. The F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> cell produce filamentous structure called sex-pilus from cell wall which attach the cell wall of F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>-</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">to form conjugation tube .The F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>-</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> particle of F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> then duplicate and then replicate to form two strands . One remain in F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> cell and another passes through the conjugation tube and remain in F- as an independent F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>-</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> particle . Now the F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>-</sup></span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">changes to F</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><sup>+</sup></span></span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-74545545927954017452011-10-02T09:56:00.001-07:002011-11-18T18:05:49.258-08:00a) Fertility factor and its forms<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
</div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-52984056889696224712011-10-02T08:42:00.003-07:002011-10-04T18:53:43.742-07:00Sexual Reproduction in bacteria by Conjugation and sex factors<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Conjugation is a sexual type of reproduction in bacteria in which there is transfer of genes between two bacteria by directly coming in contact with each other. The conjugation was first described by Lederberg and Tatum(1946) in E.coli and other species of Gram –negative bacteria . Till now it hasn’t been found to be discovered in Gram –positive bacteria.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> In the conjugation process the bacteria which donate genes or DNA is called <b><u>donor cell </u></b>or male cell and the other which receive the genes or DNA is called <b><u>receipient cell</u></b> or female cell. Each male cell posses an additional double stranded circular piece of small DNAin cytoplasm which is called a <b><u>plasmid or sex factor</u></b> . The sex factor is 1/1000 <sup>th </sup>size of enogenote( normal bacterial chromosome). Till now according to Lederberg and Tatum three types of sex factors are known. They are named as</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 103.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">Fertility factor or F factor (FF)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 103.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">Resistance factor or R-factor.(RF)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 103.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">Colicin factor or Col-factor(CF)</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-40207930319635800202011-10-02T00:32:00.000-07:002011-10-03T22:54:36.266-07:00Sexual Reproduction in Bacteria by Transformation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">This method was first discovered by Griffttth in1928 in Streptococcus pneumonia which is responsible for causing Pneumonia in children. The pneumonia bacteria are of different types . They are named as type I,II,III,IV and so on . These pneumococcus are of two types, one with capsule and another without capsule.The one with capsule is called <u><b>Smooth type </b></u>or S-type and the other without capsule is called <u><b>Rough type</b></u> or R-type . The smooth type are more infectious or virulent then the R-type .This R-type is converted to S- type when they get suitable condition during transformation. </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The pneumonia bacteria was examined with rats. Three groups of rats were taken and they were injected by different samples of bacteria. The first group was injected by non encapsulated R-type bacteria. The second group of rat was injected </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">by heat killed encapsulated bacteria or R type .The third group was injected by the mixture of living R-type bacteria and heat killed non -encapsulated bacteria (S-type). The first group and second group of rats were not infected and continue to survive. The third group survive for some period but finally died and when their body was examined S- type encapsulated bacteria was isolated. This was explained by saying that heat killed encapsulated bacteria produced some substances which procided a medium for R-type non-encapsulated bacteria to produce capsulated bacteria called S-type. </span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-77590176369362637502011-09-30T22:40:00.001-07:002011-09-30T23:52:13.133-07:00Sexual Reproduction in Bacteria<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sexual reproduction in bacteria is different from Eukaryotic organism. In Eukaryotic organisms ,the male and female gamete cells are produced whose fusion takes place to form zygote but sexual reproduction in bacteria is different because no gamete cells are produced and thus no fusion of cells to form zygote takes place .In bacteria genetic recombination takes place between two bacterial cells.The bacteria which transfer a part of genetic material is called donor and which receive the genetic material is called receipient. Thus the bacterial cell become diploid cell from haploid cell and since a part of genetic material are only exchanged .So it is called merozygote or partial zygote. The merozygote contain all DNA of its past cell and exogenote or a part of DNA from others. This genetic recombination between two bacteria takes place in three methods namely transformation, conjugation and transduction.</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-49867966717903596362011-09-29T19:44:00.001-07:002011-10-02T08:38:34.599-07:00Reproduction in bacteria<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">Bacteria can reproduce both by asexual and sexual method. So it is said reproduction in bacteria as </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Asexual reproduction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sexual reproduction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 50.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Asexual reproduction </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 32.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> Bacteria can reproduce asexually by simple fission and binary fission method. Both fissions takes place during favourable climate.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 32.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The whole process can be grouped into three steps. The whole process can be grouped into three steps. They are </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Depletion of genetic material (DNA)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 57.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Separation of DNA into newly formed two independent cells.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 39.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Cytokinesis .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 39.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Since bacteria donot have spindle fibre so the two daughter cells formed may or may not contain equall loofs of DNA. So some time vinary fission result in the formation of cell with out nucleoid. And another cell containing two nucleoid. The genetically identical population of bacteria produced from asexual reproduction from a single parent is called clone.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 39.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-25868086938465779102011-09-29T19:33:00.000-07:002011-10-01T07:41:40.047-07:00Introduction of photo-hetrotrophs and chemo-hetrotrophs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="color: red;">3) Photo-heterotrophs:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> This bacteria uses organic compound as the source of carbon. They oxidizes the organic compound to get energy for growing. This bacteria is also known as Photo-organotrophs. Example Non –sulphur bacteria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 4) Chemo-hetrotrophs:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> This bacteria is also called chemo-organotrophs. This also use organic compoundas the source of carbon . They produce energy from oxidation –reduction of organic compound which is used for growth of bacteria. Example E. coli</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-73474700512903880822011-09-29T19:30:00.000-07:002011-09-29T19:30:10.141-07:00detail of types of chemo-autotrophs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Nitrifying bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>These bacteria makes nitrogen available to plants. They are present in soil. The Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus oxidizes ammonia to nitrate. The Nitrobactera and Bactoderma converts nitrite to nitrate.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Reaction <span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">nitrosomonas</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>2NH<sub>3 </sub>+3O<sub>2<span> </span></sub><span> </span>→<span> </span>2HNO<sub>2 </sub>+ 2H<sub>2</sub>O +<span> </span>158 Kcalorie</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>nitrobacter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>HNO<sub>2 </sub>+ O<sub>2</sub> →<span> </span>HNO<sub>3</sub> + 43kcalorie</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Hydrogen bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>These bacteria oxidizes hydrogen to water in presence of oxygen .Example Hydrogenomonas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Reaction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>2H<sub>2 </sub>+O<sub>2</sub> →<span> </span>2H<sub>2</sub>O + 56 kcalorie</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sulphur</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>This bacteria is found in hot spring<span> </span>containing hydrogen sulphide .They first oxidizes hydrogen to sulphur. This sulphur is conerted to sulphuric acid. The acid undergo reaction with soil to form sulphate. Example Beggiatoa and Thiobacillus thioxidans.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>Reaction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2H<sub>2</sub>S +O<sub>2</sub><span> </span>→ 2S + H<sub>2</sub>O +energy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2S +<span> </span>2 H<sub>2</sub><span> </span>→ 2H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><span> </span>+ energy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Iron bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>This bacteria changes ferrous compound into ferric compound. The energy evolved from the oxidation is used for converting carbondioxide to food. Example or iron bacteria are Leptothrix, Cladothrix, Spiruphyllum and Ferrobacillus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Reaction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>2FeHCO<sub>3 </sub>+ H2O +O<span> </span>→<span> </span>2Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> +29 K calorie</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>2FeCO<sub>3</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O<span> </span>→<span> </span>Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 4CO<sub>2</sub> + 81 k calorie</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Methane bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>This bacteria oxidizes methane to CO2 . Thus methane provide both cargon and energy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 34.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>CH<sub>4</sub> +O<sub>2</sub><span> </span>→<span> </span>CO<sub>2 </sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>O + energy</span></div><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt;">Example : Methanosomonas</span></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-68817112863360426652011-09-29T19:21:00.000-07:002011-09-30T00:44:28.239-07:00Introduction of Chemoautotrophs with its type<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="color: red;">Chemoautotrophs are the bacteria which uses energy evolved from chemical reaction as source of energy . It also uses atmospheric CO2 to prepare food. Chemoautotrophs are of following types</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 43.5pt; text-indent: -43.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Nitrifying bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 43.5pt; text-indent: -43.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Hydrogen bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 43.5pt; text-indent: -43.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sulphur</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 43.5pt; text-indent: -43.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Iron bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 43.5pt; text-indent: -43.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Methane bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.5pt;"><br />
</div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-83085361455590373992011-09-29T19:19:00.000-07:002011-09-29T19:19:30.210-07:00Detail of types of Photoautotrophs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Purple sulphur bacteria:-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>These bacteria contain purplish pigment called bacteriochlorophyll. It uses water and hydrogen donor to convert CO<sub>2</sub> as food in presence of sunlight. The function of bacteriochlorophyll is similar to chlorophyll of green plants.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>Reaction </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>2CO<sub>2</sub> +35H<sub>2</sub>O→2(CH<sub>2</sub>O)+2NaHSO<sub>4</sub>+Energy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Example: Chromatium okeni</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Purple non sulphur bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>In this bacteria food is prepared in presence of light with CO<sub>2 </sub>and organic substance.Here CO<sub>2 </sub>is reduced to food by the hydrogen donor organic substance.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Reaction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>6CO<sub>2</sub>+12CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCH<sub>3</sub>→C6H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>+12CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>+6H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Example:- Rhodospirillum rubrum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Green sulphur bacteria:-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>These bacteria converts CO<sub>2</sub> into organic compounds by reducing with H2S. Example Chlorobium limicola</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Reaction<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">light</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span>2H<sub>2</sub>S+CO<sub>2</sub>→CH<sub>2</sub>O+2S+H<sub>2</sub>O+Energy</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-59594298750098438412011-09-29T19:02:00.000-07:002011-09-30T22:06:55.302-07:00Introduction of Photoautotrophs with its types<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Phptoautotrophs are such types of bacteria which synthesize their own food in presence of sunlight . They use CO<sub>2 </sub>of nature to prepare their food . They use hydrogen from water,H<sub>2</sub>S and hydrogen toreduce carbondioxide . These bacteria have the pigment bacterioviridin, bacteriochlorophyll or chlorobium chlorophyllthat trap the light for synthesize. Photoautotrophs are of following types.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1) Purple sulphur bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2) Purple non sulphur bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 3) Green sulphur bacteria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><br />
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</div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-91108020994822885762011-09-28T04:13:00.001-07:002011-09-30T21:58:33.704-07:00Formation of endospore<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Endospores are formed from well nourished bacteria when the vegetative growth is unsuitable for it . The cell of bacteria elongate, along with elongation of DNA towards the two ends of cell .When the strands of DNA coil at two ends it breaks to form two parts . One of the DNA coil to form helical structure . The cytoplasm around it also become dense and the cell membrane grows inwardly to form septum. The septum divide the cytoplasm and surround the DNA forming two unequal parts. Soon the wall is developed around it. This structure undergoes dehydration, contraction and soon many layer of cortex, spore coat and exosporium are developed when it becomes mature endospore is liberated from bacteria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-86400290876670988982011-09-28T04:08:00.001-07:002011-10-01T00:36:26.468-07:00introduction of endospore and its physiological properties<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 21.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Endospores:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 21.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> Endospore is the highly resistant body produced in the cytoplasm of bacteria. It is mostly produced in rod shaped bacteria of genus bacillus Spirilla. Endospore help to protect the bacteria during </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> Unfavourable condition.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Physiological property of Endospore:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Endospore can withstand to high temperature and dessication.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> It can remain alive for many years under adverse environmental condition.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Endospores are more resistant to toxic chemicals than the vegetative cells of bacteria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">They may remain for many years. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 25.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">They are not killed in long time boiling.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 7.5pt;"><br />
</div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-52277131576836554872011-09-28T03:57:00.001-07:002011-10-03T21:18:34.021-07:00introduction of plasmids and its function<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 21.75pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Plasmids: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 21.75pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Plasmids are numerous structure similar to nucleoid . It also contain many pieces of DNA and is also without cell membrane. It is 1/100 of nucleoid DNA and is circular innature . Generally they replicate autonomously but sometime some of them also integrate to form nucleoid DNA in presence of or help of nucleoid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 21.75pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Plasmid during conjugation are also called episomes .This episome help in transfer of genetic material between different bacteria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin-left: 21.75pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bacteria cell also posses some gene which are resposnsible for the resistance to variety of antibiotic and production of certain protein antibiotic called Colicins or Bacteriocins.</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5484911080493502025.post-9025635103993968072011-09-26T10:40:00.001-07:002011-10-03T21:37:11.719-07:00Nuclear material of bacteria<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Bacteria do not have well developed nucleus as Eukaryotic cells.</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> It has thin, circular coiled structure of a DNA molecule called </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> nucleotide or bacterial chromosome. The nucleoid do not have </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> nuclear membrane. The bacteria DNA is 2 to 3% of cell weight</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> but covers 10 or more % of volume of cell.</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> In some bacteria the DNA is attach to the </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> mesosome where as in some it is also attached to the cell </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> membrane. Bacterial DNA do not have histone protein and </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> does not coil to form well defined chromosome during </span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> multiplication.The bacteria DNA form chromosome because</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> it lacks RNA</span></div></div>prabhu das chaudharyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04236785828155839076noreply@blogger.com0